Coisas do Petróleo

OIL AS A DIPLOMATIC WEAPON: THE STRATEGIES AND POLITICS OF BREAKING DEPENDENCY ON ENERGY NEEDS BY MIDDLE LEVEL DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WITH TECHNOLOGICAL CAPACITY.

Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts (International Relations Department), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master, on 6th day of November 1997.
José Júlio Caleia-Rodrigues
Student No. 9614130F

Was admitted to the Degree of Master at a congregation of the University held on 2 June 1998.

ABSTRACT
Faced with the potential threat of oil embargoes imposed by producer countries for political reasons, the consumer countries reacted by creating different alternatives which granted them some energy independence and security of supply by using alternative products and technologies available in their own countries.
Can a middle level developing country break out of the cycle of dependency in the area of energy?
This dissertation investigates the strategy developed and implemented by South Africa between 1973 and 1993, which invested heavily in the generation of fuel extracted from coal in order to rescue its country from crisis and support it through critical periods of history.

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1 : Economic Imperialism and Dependence
1.1 - Economic Imperialism
1.2 - The world resources management
1.3 - Public interest
1.4 - Political control exercised by major powers
1.5 - Dependence theory
1.6 - Development strategy based on self-reliance
1.7 - Term of trade and GATT
CHAPTER 2 : Economic Threats
2.1 - Conflict over the globe's scarce resources
2.2 - Sovereignty over natural resources
2.3 - Collective Security System
2.4 - OPEC and the Petro-Jihad
CHAPTER 3 : Why Oil?
3.1 - The increasing needs of energy sources
3.2 - South Africa searching for petroleum
3.3 - International searching for liquid fuels
3.4 - The struggle for oil by great powers
CHAPTER 4 : Balance-of-Power : From the "seven sisters” to OPEC
4.1 - The oligopoly of the "seven sisters" cartel
4.2 - Oil concessions governed by international or municipal law
4.3 - The rise of OPEC
4.4 - OPEC started using its oil weapon
CHAPTER 5 : Oil as a diplomatic weapon
5.1 - The new powerful factor
5.2 - The oil revenues for political ends
5.3 - The implementation and first use of the "oil weapon"
5.4 - Economic consequences of the oil embargoes
5.5 - Increasing dependence of the oil consumers
CHAPTER 6 : Reaction to the embargoes imposed by oil producers:
The South Africa's option: oil-from-coal (case study)
6.1 - Oil embargoes imposed on South Africa
6.2 - The South African coal availability
6.3 - Technological background to produce fuel-from-coal
6.4 - Financial resources
6.5 - Political Will
CONCLUSIONS
LIST OF REFERENCE FIGURES
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCE FIGURES